Quality Ratings

All studies sorted by Adjusted QI. ★ marks critical items. High ≥ 0.78 · Moderate 0.56–0.77 · Low < 0.56

Author Year Design Raw QI Adj QI ★ Fails Score Rating
Simon 2021 RCT 1.000 1.000 0 45 / 45 High
Eyre 2017 RCT 0.933 0.933 0 42 / 45 High
Wolff 2016 RCT 0.933 0.933 0 42 / 45 High
Grzenda 2025 RCT 0.911 0.911 0 41 / 45 High
Brandao 2024 RCT 0.911 0.911 0 41 / 45 High
Wahlstrom 2016 RCT 0.911 0.911 0 41 / 45 High
Kilpatrick 2023 RCT 0.889 0.889 0 40 / 45 High
Shannahoff-Khalsa 2019 RCT 0.889 0.889 0 40 / 45 High
Lavretsky 2013 RCT 0.889 0.889 0 40 / 45 High
Keltz 2025 RCT Secondary Analysis 0.815 0.815 0 31 / 36 High
Jacoby 2024 RCT Secondary Analysis 0.788 0.788 0 30 / 36 High
Khalsa 2021 RCT 0.778 0.778 0 35 / 45 Moderate
Martinez 2021 RCT 0.778 0.778 0 35 / 45 Moderate
Staples 2024 Non-Randomized Trial (Pilot) 0.767 0.767 2 31 / 39 Low
McMahon 2021 Non-Randomized Trial 0.767 0.767 1 31 / 39 Moderate
Feldman 2025 RCT Secondary Analysis 0.762 0.762 0 29 / 36 Moderate
Oughli 2025 RCT Secondary Analysis 0.762 0.762 0 29 / 36 Moderate
Hoge 2023 RCT Secondary Analysis 0.762 0.762 0 29 / 36 Moderate
Szuhany 2022 RCT Secondary Analysis 0.762 0.762 0 29 / 36 Moderate
Engstrom 2010 Mechanism/Methods Study 0.757 0.757 0 27 / 33 Moderate
Khalsa 2023 Pilot RCT 0.756 0.756 0 34 / 45 Moderate
Innes 2016 Pilot RCT 0.756 0.756 0 34 / 45 Moderate
Jindani 2015 RCT 0.756 0.756 1 34 / 45 Moderate
Khalsa 2015 Pilot RCT 0.756 0.756 0 34 / 45 Moderate
Black 2013 RCT 0.756 0.756 0 34 / 45 Moderate
Granath 2006 RCT 0.756 0.756 0 34 / 45 Moderate
Shannahoff-Khalsa 1999 RCT 0.756 0.756 0 34 / 45 Moderate
Garcia-Sesnich 2017 Non-Randomized Trial 0.742 0.742 2 30 / 39 Low
Diamond 2025 RCT Secondary Analysis 0.736 0.736 0 28 / 36 Moderate
Innes 2018 Pilot RCT 0.689 0.736 0 28 / 36 Moderate
Innes 2016 RCT Secondary Analysis 0.736 0.736 0 28 / 36 Moderate
Krause-Sorio 2022 RCT 0.733 0.733 0 33 / 45 Moderate
Eyre 2016 RCT 0.733 0.733 0 33 / 45 Moderate
Kohn 2013 RCT 0.733 0.733 0 33 / 45 Moderate
Wolff 2013 RCT 0.733 0.733 1 33 / 45 Moderate
Newberg 2010 Mechanism/Methods Study 0.729 0.729 1 26 / 33 Moderate
Lazar 2000 Mechanism/Methods Study 0.729 0.729 0 26 / 33 Moderate
Liu 2026 Systematic Review/Meta-Analysis 0.723 0.723 0 24 / 30 Moderate
Bramberg 2017 RCT 0.711 0.711 0 32 / 45 Moderate
Aboagye 2015 Pilot RCT 0.711 0.711 2 32 / 45 Low
Wolff 2015 RCT 0.711 0.711 1 32 / 45 Moderate
Innes 2017 RCT Secondary Analysis 0.710 0.710 0 27 / 36 Moderate
Amitai 2025 Single-Arm Trial 0.702 0.702 3 30 / 42 Low
Axen 2017 Pre-Post/Single-Arm Trial 0.702 0.702 1 30 / 42 Moderate
Moss 2012 Pre-Post/Single-Arm Trial 0.702 0.702 2 30 / 42 Low
Wang 2011 Mechanism/Methods Study 0.701 0.701 1 25 / 33 Moderate
Newberg 2010 Mechanism/Methods Study 0.701 0.701 1 25 / 33 Moderate
Khalsa 2009 Mechanism/Methods Study 0.701 0.701 1 25 / 33 Moderate
Peng 2004 Mechanism/Methods Study 0.701 0.701 1 25 / 33 Moderate
Peng 1999 Mechanism/Methods Study 0.701 0.701 0 25 / 33 Moderate
Sarkissian 2018 Non-Randomized Trial 0.693 0.693 2 28 / 39 Low
Ibrahim 2022 Pilot RCT 0.689 0.689 1 31 / 45 Moderate
Murray 2022 Pilot RCT 0.689 0.689 2 31 / 45 Low
Innes 2018 RCT Secondary Analysis 0.736 0.689 0 31 / 45 Moderate
Jindani 2015 Qualitative 0.685 0.685 0 21 / 27 Moderate
Khusmitha 2023 Pre-Post/Single-Arm Trial 0.678 0.678 3 29 / 42 Low
Vazquez-Vandyck 2007 Pre-Post/Single-Arm Trial 0.678 0.678 2 29 / 42 Low
Khalsa 2004 Pre-Post/Single-Arm Trial 0.678 0.678 2 29 / 42 Low
Simon 2017 Mechanism/Methods Study 0.672 0.672 1 24 / 33 Moderate
Pomykala 2012 Mechanism/Methods Study 0.672 0.672 1 24 / 33 Moderate
Khalsa 2008 Non-Randomized Trial 0.593 0.672 2 24 / 33 Low
Shannahoff-Khalsa 2004 Mechanism/Methods Study 0.672 0.672 2 24 / 33 Low
Roy 2025 Systematic Review/Meta-Analysis 0.663 0.663 1 22 / 30 Moderate
Yang 2016 RCT Secondary Analysis 0.657 0.657 1 25 / 36 Moderate
La Torre 2020 Single-Arm Trial 0.656 0.656 4 28 / 42 Low
Kaselionyte 2018 Qualitative 0.652 0.652 0 20 / 27 Moderate
Wahlstrom 2018 Qualitative 0.652 0.652 0 20 / 27 Moderate
Wolff 2017 Qualitative 0.652 0.652 0 20 / 27 Moderate
Bernardi 2023 Mechanism/Methods Study 0.645 0.645 2 23 / 33 Low
Newberg 2012 Mechanism/Methods Study 0.645 0.645 1 23 / 33 Moderate
Trichal 2020 Non-Randomized Trial 0.644 0.644 4 26 / 39 Low
Lynton 2007 Single-Arm Trial 0.632 0.632 3 27 / 42 Low
Perez Vallejos 2016 Pilot RCT 0.622 0.622 3 28 / 45 Low
Griera 2017 Qualitative 0.620 0.620 0 19 / 27 Moderate
Jindani 2015 Qualitative 0.620 0.620 1 19 / 27 Moderate
Ahmed 2014 Other 0.620 0.620 2 19 / 27 Low
Anderzen-Carlsson 2014 Qualitative 0.620 0.620 0 19 / 27 Moderate
Fernandez 2021 Single-Arm Trial 0.608 0.608 3 26 / 42 Low
Gabriel 2018 Non-Randomized Trial 0.593 0.593 2 24 / 39 Low
Khalsa 2008 Mechanism/Methods Study 0.672 0.593 4 24 / 39 Low
Nasrolahzadeh 2023 Mechanism/Methods Study 0.588 0.588 2 21 / 33 Low
Mirauda 2017 Qualitative 0.587 0.587 0 18 / 27 Moderate
Subramaniam 2017 Observational 0.585 0.585 2 25 / 42 Low
Giridharan 2024 Narrative Review 0.572 0.572 1 19 / 30 Moderate
Morrison 2022 Qualitative 0.554 0.554 1 17 / 27 Low
Kanchan 2026 Narrative Review 0.542 0.542 1 18 / 30 Low
Giridharan (b) 2024 Narrative Review 0.542 0.542 1 18 / 30 Low
Shannahoff-Khalsa 1996 Pre-Post/Single-Arm Trial 0.515 0.515 5 22 / 42 Low