All Studies · Anxiety & Stress · Diamond (2025)

Diamond (2025)

Moderate · RCT Secondary Analysis · Secondary Analysis (RCT-derived) · n = 226
Quality Index (Adjusted QI) 0.736
0 Low < 0.56 Moderate 0.56–0.77 High ≥ 0.78 1
Study Details
ConditionGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Clinical domainAnxiety & Stress
PopulationAdults with GAD (n=226; 70% female, 71% Caucasian)
Sample sizen = 226
Country / SettingUSA (Boston, MA and New York, NY)
Protocol clusterKY-GAD Protocol
Duration12 weeks (secondary analysis of Simon 2021 RCT; same KY intervention)
Control typeActive Control
ComparatorCBT (n=90) + Stress Education attention control (n=43); 3-arm design
Outcomes & Effect Sizes
Primary outcomeMindfulness (specific facets)
Scales usedFive Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ): Observe, Describe, Act with Awareness, Non-judge, Non-react
Key resultKY showed significantly greater improvement in Acting with Awareness facet compared to CBT; Non-judge, Act with Awareness, and Non-react facets improved significantly across treatments
Effect sizeKY > CBT on Acting with Awareness facet (significant); overall FFMQ facet improvements varied
Retention68.6% completed post-treatment (n=155/226); 60.6% completed 6-month follow-up (n=137/226)
SafetyNot separately reported (see Simon 2021 parent trial)
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Methodological Summary

Secondary analysis of 3-arm RCT (Simon 2021); multivariate MLM; ITT analysis; N=226; 2-site

KY Protocol Components

Kundalini Yoga for GAD — Mindfulness Facets Analysis (Simon 2021 Trial Secondary Analysis) DESIGN: Secondary analysis of Simon et al. (2021) RCT examining specific mindfulness facets. PARENT TRIAL: 226 adults with GAD randomized to 12 weeks of KY (n=93), CBT (n=90), or Stress Education (n=43). INTERVENTION: Same KY protocol as Simon 2021 — 12 weekly 120-min group sessions (3-6 participants) with 2 instructors; 20 min daily homework. KY included physical postures, breathing techniques, relaxation, and meditation. KEY FINDING: Non-judge, Act with Awareness, and Non-react FFMQ facets increased significantly during treatment across groups. Improvement in Acting with Awareness was significantly greater for KY than CBT. ASSESSMENTS: Baseline, weeks 6, 12 (post-treatment), and 38 (6-month follow-up). ANALYSIS: Multivariate multilevel growth curve model (MMLM) with 5 FFMQ facets as outcomes.

Quality Item Scores — 1 fail · 2 partial · 3 pass · ★ critical
★A1
3
A2
3
★B1
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★B2
2
B3
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B4
2
★B5
2
B6
2
★B7
2
★B8
2
B9
2
JP1
3
Critical fails0
Raw QI0.778
SAF0.946
Adjusted QI0.736
Final ratingModerate