All Studies · Sleep & Insomnia · Khalsa (2004)

Khalsa (2004)

Low · Pre-Post/Single-Arm Trial · Preliminary (Pre-Post/Single-Arm) · n = 20
Quality Index (Adjusted QI) 0.678
0 Low < 0.56 Moderate 0.56–0.77 High ≥ 0.78 1
Study Details
ConditionChronic insomnia
Clinical domainSleep & Insomnia
PopulationChronic insomnia
Sample sizen = 20
Country / SettingUSA - sleep laboratory
Protocol clusterKY Evening Practice (45-min)
Duration8 weeks; two durations tested: 30-min (n=9, avg 24.4 min/day) and 45-min (n=10, avg 28.7 min/day); bedtime practice
Control type—
ComparatorN/A - No control group
Outcomes & Effect Sizes
Primary outcomeSleep quality/Insomnia
Scales usedPSG; sleep onset latency; sleep quality; PSQI
Key resultSleep onset latency decreased; sleep quality improved
Effect sized = 0.67 (sleep onset latency); moderate effect
ES value0.67 (d)
Retention100% (20/20 completed)
SafetyNo adverse events; safe with PSG monitoring
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Methodological Summary

Pilot; objective (PSG) + subjective measures; small sample

KY Protocol Components

Kundalini Yoga for Chronic Insomnia: Uncontrolled Pilot DESIGN: Uncontrolled pre-post pilot study. POPULATION: 20 participants with chronic insomnia (SOL + WASO ≥30 min). DURATION: 8-week treatment phase with 2-week pre-treatment baseline. PROTOCOL: Two treatment durations tested: • 9 participants: 30-minute treatment sequence • 10 participants: 45-minute treatment sequence • Average daily practice: 24.4 min (30-min group), 28.7 min (45-min group) • No significant difference between groups on outcomes. TECHNIQUE: Yoga treatment practiced before bed (specific technique sequence). OUTCOMES: Sleep diary measures (SE, TST, TWT, SOL, WASO) averaged in 2-week intervals. NOTE: Paper mentions yoga's ability to "reduce arousal" as theoretical basis. Specific exercise names not enumerated in the paper, though described as "tailored treatments for specific disorders." Exclusion: no planned life stressors, shift work, or transcontinental travel during protocol.

Quality Item Scores — 1 fail · 2 partial · 3 pass · ★ critical
★A1
2
A2
3
★B1
1
★B2
2
B3
2
B4
2
★B5
2
B6
2
★B7
1
★B8
3
B9
2
★D1
2
D2
2
JP1
3
Critical fails2
Raw QI0.690
SAF0.983
Adjusted QI0.678
Final ratingLow